{ "framework": "National Capability Framework", "name": "Human Capital", "version": "0.1", "supersedes": "0.0", "version_date": "2026-08-16", "metadata": { "description": "Version 0.1 of the Human Capital domain of the National Capability Framework. This release restructures the v0.0 taxonomy from seven capability groups and 21 capabilities to nine capability groups and 25 capabilities, introduces boundary_conditions and order_logic fields at every level, applies the rule that every description opens 'The capacity to', and validates the structure against the multilateral human capital measurement regimes (the World Bank Human Capital Project and Index, the UNDP Human Development Index, the OECD Skills Strategy, PISA and PIAAC, UNESCO ISCED 2011 and SDG 4, the EU DigComp 2.2 framework and Digital Decade targets, the OECD Frascati and Oslo Manuals, ILO Recommendation 195, the WHO health system building blocks and Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health, the IHR (2005) core capacities and Joint External Evaluation, and the SDG 3.8.1 UHC service coverage index) and against national machinery in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Singapore, Germany, China, India, Japan, Korea and the European Union.", "change_summary": [ "A single rule applied domain-wide: every description opens 'The capacity to'; a node that cannot be written that way without naming a statistic is an indicator and moves down a layer. Participation Rates in TVET and R&D Intensity were retired as capabilities and demoted to indicators, and Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) was recast as Tertiary Access & Participation, carrying its identifier, with GER demoted to its headline indicator.", "Health expanded from one capability group to two by splitting Public Health & Wellness into Population Health and Health System Capability, taking health from three capabilities to six (eight counting the two child-health nodes in Early Childhood Development), consistent with the World Bank's treatment of health as roughly half of human capital.", "Early Childhood Development group added: ISCED level 0, the Human Capital Index, which begins at birth, and dedicated national machinery (Australia's Early Years Strategy, the UK's Best Start for Life, Ireland's First 5) locate the start of capability formation at birth.", "Teaching Workforce added, closing the v0.0 asymmetry of a health workforce capability with no education counterpart, consistent with governments now planning the teacher workforce as they plan the health workforce (Australia's National Teacher Workforce Action Plan, England's teacher recruitment and retention strategy, UNESCO's global teacher gap reporting).", "Talent Attraction & Retention added: entire visa regimes exist for the capability, including the UK and Australian Global Talent classes, Singapore's ONE Pass, Germany's Skilled Immigration Act and China's talent recruitment programmes.", "Public Health Functions added, anchored by the IHR (2005) core capacities and the Joint External Evaluation and validated by a post-pandemic generation of institution building: UKHSA (2021), the EU's HERA (2021) and the Australian CDC, a standalone statutory agency from 1 January 2026.", "Research & Innovation refocused as Research Talent & Knowledge Creation along the Frascati-Oslo seam: R&D personnel and knowledge production held here, with firm-centred innovation and commercialisation assigned to the economic domains. Research Output & Quality (Advanced Education) merged into Knowledge Production, resolving a v0.0 duplication.", "Digital & AI Literacy renamed Digital & AI Competence. Digital Access & Usage retired, with connectivity moved to Strategic Infrastructure, under Communications & Digital Infrastructure, and the usage-skill residue absorbed into Foundational Digital Skills; the foundational and advanced split is anchored by the EU Digital Decade's two people targets and DigComp 2.2.", "Healthcare Workforce & Capacity renamed Health & Care Workforce: facilities removed from its description, repairing a v0.0 breach of the soft-domain boundary, and scope broadened to the care economy, following the seam governments draw (the UK's Department of Health and Social Care, Australia's Care and Support Economy strategy).", "Boundaries codified at domain level: the utilisation seam (skills development held here; activation, participation and use assigned to the economic domains, with the first transition held here per education-ministry practice), health security split by verb (prevent, detect and assess here; response materiel in Strategic Infrastructure; crisis coordination with national resilience), international education split three ways, and exclusions defended for policy instruments, raw demography and social capital.", "Identifier persistence: the domain code, six of nine capability group codes and 17 capability codes are carried unchanged from v0.0; five codes are retired (see retired_codes); all new nodes carry null codes pending assignment.", "Capability groups and capabilities reordered along a life-course logic, read as one line: nurture, school, advance, skill, equip, renew, discover, thrive, care. The reasoning is documented per node in the order_logic field.", "Spelling corrections to the house standard carried through names and descriptions: enrolment and programmes, consistent with the Centres correction in Strategic Infrastructure v0.1." ], "retired_codes": [ { "code": "factbase.org/cap/XTMES4XD2M", "name": "Research Output & Quality", "disposition": "Merged into Knowledge Production (factbase.org/cap/45VVA6VX0P)." }, { "code": "factbase.org/cap/W0XCE84S0X", "name": "Participation Rates in TVET", "disposition": "Demoted to an indicator across the Technical & Vocational Skills group." }, { "code": "factbase.org/cap/1KRX42RG1B", "name": "R&D Intensity", "disposition": "Demoted to an indicator under Research Workforce, per the Frascati Manual distinction between R&D personnel and R&D expenditure." }, { "code": "factbase.org/cap/R7SK4C8V1N", "name": "Digital Access & Usage", "disposition": "Connectivity and access moved to Strategic Infrastructure, under Communications & Digital Infrastructure; the usage-skill residue absorbed into Foundational Digital Skills." }, { "code": "factbase.org/cpg/SVRZDKV40D", "name": "Public Health & Wellness", "disposition": "Group split into Population Health and Health System Capability." } ] }, "description": "The capacity to develop, renew and sustain the knowledge, skills and health of a population across the whole of life: formation from early childhood through schooling, advanced education, occupational skills and working-life renewal to research talent, carried by the physical and mental health of the people and the standing system that maintains it.", "boundary_conditions": "Human Capital is the soft domain of people and holds embodied and organisational capacity only. Physical estate, including hospitals, clinics, laboratories, schools and campuses, belongs to Strategic Infrastructure, as do national medical stockpiles; connectivity, devices and networks belong to Communications & Digital Infrastructure within that domain, with only competence held here. Skills utilisation follows the OECD Skills Strategy seam: formation, renewal and the first transition into work are held here, while activation, participation, matching and sustained deployment belong to the economic domains. Research follows the manual pair: Frascati Manual territory, R&D personnel and knowledge production, is held here, while Oslo Manual innovation, the firm-centred commercialisation of knowledge, belongs to the economic domains. Health security splits by verb: prevention, detection and assessment are held here, response materiel belongs to Strategic Infrastructure and crisis coordination to national resilience. International education splits three ways: student-to-resident conversion is held here, export earnings belong to the economic domains and alumni networks to influence. Excluded by design: policy and funding instruments such as subsidies, visa settings and training levies, which are levers on capability rather than capability; raw demography, population size and age structure, which is endowment and context, since the domain measures the capability of the population as it stands; and social capital, measured in official statistics as a separate stock.", "order_logic": "Capability groups follow the arc of a life and close on the base that carries it: formation from birth (Early Childhood Development), through compulsory schooling (Foundational Education) and the academic ascent (Advanced Education), pivoting at occupational formation (Technical & Vocational Skills) into a working-life cluster with general-purpose technology competence (Digital & AI Competence) and renewal (Lifelong Learning & Reskilling), peaking at the frontier (Research Talent & Knowledge Creation), then resting on the health of the people (Population Health) and the standing system that maintains it (Health System Capability). Read as one line: nurture, school, advance, skill, equip, renew, discover, thrive, care. The causal order of survive-before-learn is honoured where it is causally true, inside Early Childhood Development; at domain level education leads because the domain's identity is knowledge and skills. The final capability is Public Health Functions, so the domain ends on protect, echoing the Strategic Infrastructure closer. Within groups, three conventions order the capabilities: the beneficiary's journey, access before outcome before distribution; foundation before frontier; and the enabling or sustaining capacity closes the group.", "version_changes": "Restructured from seven capability groups and 21 capabilities in v0.0 to nine groups and 25 capabilities, validated against the multilateral human capital measurement regimes and against national machinery in nine states and the European Union; boundary_conditions, order_logic and version_changes fields introduced at every level, and every description rewritten to open 'The capacity to'.", "code": "factbase.org/dom/8RQQTGPQ24", "level": "domain", "capabilityGroups": [ { "name": "Early Childhood Development", "description": "The capacity to carry every child from birth to school age healthy, nourished and ready to learn.", "boundary_conditions": "Holds the child, not the estate or the instrument: early learning facilities belong to Strategic Infrastructure, under Social Infrastructure, and family payments, parental leave and childcare subsidies are policy instruments excluded at domain level. The early childhood workforce is planned with the care economy and sits under Health & Care Workforce; maternal and child health services register under Service Delivery & Coverage. Hands off to Foundational Education at school entry.", "order_logic": "The one group where health leads: survive and thrive precede learn, following the Human Capital Index's own causal order. Child Health & Nutrition first, then Early Learning & School Readiness, which hands off to Universal Schooling at school entry.", "version_changes": "New group in v0.1. The v0.0 domain began at primary school; ISCED level 0, the World Bank Human Capital Index, which begins at birth, and dedicated national machinery including Australia's Early Years Strategy, the UK's Best Start for Life and Ireland's First 5 all locate the start of capability formation at birth.", "code": null, "level": "capability group", "capabilities": [ { "name": "Child Health & Nutrition", "description": "The capacity to bring every child to school age alive, well nourished and developmentally on track.", "boundary_conditions": "Held here for life-course coherence rather than under Population Health. Maternal and child health services register under Service Delivery & Coverage, childhood immunisation programmes under Nutrition & Preventive Health, and paediatric facilities belong to Strategic Infrastructure.", "version_changes": "New in v0.1; anchored by the survive and thrive components of the World Bank Human Capital Index, with under-five survival and stunting as its headline indicators.", "code": null, "level": "capability", "indicators": [ { "name": "under-five mortality rate", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "stunting prevalence", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "full childhood immunisation coverage", "code": null, "level": "indicator" } ] }, { "name": "Early Learning & School Readiness", "description": "The capacity to provide early learning to every child and deliver them to school ready to learn.", "boundary_conditions": "Covers provision and readiness; early learning facilities belong to Strategic Infrastructure and childcare subsidy design is a policy instrument excluded at domain level. The early childhood workforce sits under Health & Care Workforce, planned with the care economy.", "version_changes": "New in v0.1; anchored by ISCED level 0 and OECD Starting Strong, with pre-primary participation and school-readiness measures as indicators.", "code": null, "level": "capability", "indicators": [ { "name": "pre-primary enrolment rate", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "children developmentally on track", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "early childhood education participation at ages three to five", "code": null, "level": "indicator" } ] } ] }, { "name": "Foundational Education", "description": "The capacity to school every child and make the schooling count: universal access, foundational learning, reach into every group and region, and the teaching profession that produces all three.", "boundary_conditions": "Holds provision, learning and the teaching profession; school buildings belong to Strategic Infrastructure, under Education & Skills Infrastructure, and education subsidies are policy instruments excluded at domain level. Receives children from Early Childhood Development at school entry and hands to Advanced Education and Technical & Vocational Skills at the end of secondary school. Adult foundation skills sit under Adult Learning.", "order_logic": "The beneficiary's journey, then the sustaining capacity: access first (Universal Schooling), then achievement (Foundational Learning), then its distribution (Inclusive Reach), with the workforce that produces all three (Teaching Workforce) closing the group.", "version_changes": "Carried from v0.0 (formerly Primary & Secondary Education) with the same identifier. Two capabilities recast from indicator language to capacities, Equity & Access recast as Inclusive Reach, and Teaching Workforce added, closing the v0.0 asymmetry of a health workforce capability with no education counterpart.", "code": "factbase.org/cpg/3E32A68M03", "level": "capability group", "capabilities": [ { "name": "Universal Schooling", "description": "The capacity to enrol every child and carry them through to the completion of secondary school.", "boundary_conditions": "Covers access and progression; what is learned sits under Foundational Learning and who is reached under Inclusive Reach.", "version_changes": "Carried from v0.0 (formerly Enrollment & Completion Rates) with the same identifier; a direct application of the v0.1 rule, with enrolment and completion rates demoted to the headline indicators of the capability they measured.", "code": "factbase.org/cap/KDF0T4H41C", "level": "capability", "indicators": [ { "name": "primary and lower-secondary completion rates", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "out-of-school children rate", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "expected years of schooling", "code": null, "level": "indicator" } ] }, { "name": "Foundational Learning", "description": "The capacity to impart literacy, numeracy and the core competencies on which all later formation depends.", "boundary_conditions": "Covers learning in the school years; adult literacy and numeracy sit under Adult Learning.", "version_changes": "Carried from v0.0 (formerly Learning Outcomes) with the same identifier; PISA, TIMSS and the World Bank-UNESCO learning poverty measure become its indicators rather than its name.", "code": "factbase.org/cap/8NW6NH1B2C", "level": "capability", "indicators": [ { "name": "student assessment scores in reading, mathematics and science", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "learning poverty rate", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "learning-adjusted years of schooling", "code": null, "level": "indicator" } ] }, { "name": "Inclusive Reach", "description": "The capacity to extend schooling and learning of equal quality to every group and region, whatever a child's background.", "boundary_conditions": "Covers the distribution of access and achievement; the levels themselves sit with Universal Schooling and Foundational Learning.", "version_changes": "Carried from v0.0 (formerly Equity & Access) with the same identifier; recast from an attribute to a capacity: the capability is reach, equity is how it is measured.", "code": "factbase.org/cap/SKE14D7R1J", "level": "capability", "indicators": [ { "name": "gender parity in enrolment and learning", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "achievement gap by socioeconomic status", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "rural-urban enrolment gap", "code": null, "level": "indicator" } ] }, { "name": "Teaching Workforce", "description": "The capacity to attract, develop, deploy and retain an effective teaching profession.", "boundary_conditions": "Covers the school teaching profession; the early childhood workforce sits under Health & Care Workforce, the academic research workforce under Research Workforce, and salary settings are policy instruments excluded at domain level.", "version_changes": "New in v0.1. Governments now plan the teacher workforce as they plan the health workforce: Australia's National Teacher Workforce Action Plan, England's teacher recruitment and retention strategy and UNESCO's global teacher gap reporting.", "code": null, "level": "capability", "indicators": [ { "name": "pupil-teacher ratio", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "qualified teacher share", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "teacher attrition rate", "code": null, "level": "indicator" } ] } ] }, { "name": "Advanced Education", "description": "The capacity to carry a broad share of each generation into tertiary education, form them into capable graduates and train the researchers among them.", "boundary_conditions": "Holds formation and the first transition: first-destination outcomes are education-ministry instruments and sit here, while sustained graduate employment and skills utilisation belong to the economic domains. Research output produced in universities registers under Knowledge Production, campuses belong to Strategic Infrastructure, international student conversion to residence registers under Talent Attraction & Retention and education export earnings belong to the economic domains.", "order_logic": "Entry, completion, apex: Tertiary Access & Participation, then Graduate Formation & Employability, then Doctoral & Research Training, ascending through ISCED levels 5-8 and ending on the deliberate handoff to Research Workforce.", "version_changes": "Carried from v0.0 (formerly Higher Education) with the same identifier. Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) recast as Tertiary Access & Participation with GER demoted to its headline indicator, Doctoral & Research Training added, and Research Output & Quality retired and merged into Knowledge Production, resolving a v0.0 duplication.", "code": "factbase.org/cpg/KER67VVT2K", "level": "capability group", "capabilities": [ { "name": "Tertiary Access & Participation", "description": "The capacity to open tertiary education to a broad share of each generation and of the adult population.", "boundary_conditions": "Covers participation in tertiary education; sub-degree vocational participation sits with Technical & Vocational Skills and adult re-entry pathways with Adult Learning.", "version_changes": "Carried from v0.0 (formerly Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER)) with the same identifier; the canonical case of the v0.1 rule: the capability is participation, GER its headline indicator. National attainment targets, including the Universities Accord's 80 per cent by 2050, treat participation as the object.", "code": "factbase.org/cap/1HGMY5E41J", "level": "capability", "indicators": [ { "name": "gross tertiary enrolment ratio", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "tertiary attainment at ages 25 to 34", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "first-generation participation rate", "code": null, "level": "indicator" } ] }, { "name": "Graduate Formation & Employability", "description": "The capacity to carry entrants through to graduation and deliver them into work or further study.", "boundary_conditions": "Covers completion and the first transition, measured by education-ministry instruments such as Graduate Outcomes and QILT; sustained employment, matching and utilisation belong to the economic domains.", "version_changes": "Carried from v0.0 (formerly Graduation & Employability Rates) with the same identifier; the rates become its indicators.", "code": "factbase.org/cap/KWXHTS7X1W", "level": "capability", "indicators": [ { "name": "graduate employment rate", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "graduates by field including science and engineering share", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "graduate earnings premium", "code": null, "level": "indicator" } ] }, { "name": "Doctoral & Research Training", "description": "The capacity to train researchers to doctoral level across the fields the nation needs.", "boundary_conditions": "Covers the training; the assembled workforce sits under Research Workforce and its output under Knowledge Production. Field-of-study concentrations, including STEM shares, register here as indicators rather than as capabilities.", "version_changes": "New in v0.1; the apex of the formation arc and the pipeline into Research Workforce, anchored by the Frascati Manual's treatment of research training and the STEM talent provisions of instruments such as the US CHIPS and Science Act.", "code": null, "level": "capability", "indicators": [ { "name": "doctoral graduates per capita", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "doctoral graduates in science and engineering", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "time to degree and completion rate", "code": null, "level": "indicator" } ] } ] }, { "name": "Technical & Vocational Skills", "description": "The capacity to form and certify the occupational skills of the workforce, in institutions and inside workplaces.", "boundary_conditions": "Holds formation and credentialling; labour market matching and utilisation belong to the economic domains, training levies are policy instruments excluded at domain level and training facilities belong to Strategic Infrastructure. Continuing training of the employed workforce sits under Lifelong Learning & Reskilling.", "order_logic": "Increasing employer proximity: provider-led formation and certification (Occupational Skills & Certification), then formation inside the workplace itself (Work-Based Learning).", "version_changes": "Carried from v0.0 (formerly Vocational & Technical Skills) with the same identifier; renamed to match the international term, technical and vocational education and training (TVET). Participation Rates in TVET retired as a capability and demoted to an indicator across the group.", "code": "factbase.org/cpg/ESWKAM6C1R", "level": "capability group", "capabilities": [ { "name": "Occupational Skills & Certification", "description": "The capacity to form occupational skills through institution-based provision and certify them in credentials employers trust.", "boundary_conditions": "Covers provider-led formation and recognition, including recognition of prior learning; workplace formation sits under Work-Based Learning.", "version_changes": "Carried from v0.0 (formerly Certification & Recognition) with the same identifier; broadened from recognition alone to formation and recognition together, with TVET participation rates registering here as indicators.", "code": "factbase.org/cap/RMDAGNV300", "level": "capability", "indicators": [ { "name": "vocational enrolment share of upper secondary", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "certified skilled workers per capita", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "employer-reported skills shortage incidence", "code": null, "level": "indicator" } ] }, { "name": "Work-Based Learning", "description": "The capacity to form skills inside the workplace through apprenticeships, placements and structured on-the-job training.", "boundary_conditions": "Covers initial formation in the workplace; continuing training of the employed sits under Employer-Provided Training.", "version_changes": "Carried from v0.0 (formerly Industry Placement & Apprenticeships) with the same identifier; validated as a distinct capability by the German dual system and its many imitators.", "code": "factbase.org/cap/36WPCHF41T", "level": "capability", "indicators": [ { "name": "apprentices per 1,000 employed", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "apprenticeship completion rate", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "employer participation in work-based training", "code": null, "level": "indicator" } ] } ] }, { "name": "Digital & AI Competence", "description": "The capacity to equip the whole population with foundational digital skills and a sufficient corps with advanced digital and AI skills.", "boundary_conditions": "Holds competence only: connectivity, devices and networks belong to Strategic Infrastructure, under Communications & Digital Infrastructure. Covers general-purpose technology competence and is renameable as the frontier moves; the frontier research workforce sits under Research Talent & Knowledge Creation.", "order_logic": "Foundation before frontier: Foundational Digital Skills, then Advanced Digital & AI Skills, the two EU Digital Decade people targets in order.", "version_changes": "Carried from v0.0 (formerly Digital & AI Literacy) with the same identifier; renamed from literacy to competence, matching the DigComp framing. Digital Access & Usage retired: connectivity moved to Strategic Infrastructure and the usage-skill residue absorbed into Foundational Digital Skills.", "code": "factbase.org/cpg/VG7YPWVP1F", "level": "capability group", "capabilities": [ { "name": "Foundational Digital Skills", "description": "The capacity to bring the whole adult population to basic digital competence.", "boundary_conditions": "Covers skills and confident use, absorbing the usage element of the retired Digital Access & Usage; access itself is infrastructure and sits in Strategic Infrastructure.", "version_changes": "Carried from v0.0 (formerly Basic Digital Competence Levels) with the same identifier; anchored by DigComp 2.2 and the EU Digital Decade target of at least 80 per cent of adults with basic digital skills by 2030.", "code": "factbase.org/cap/1E028BW81F", "level": "capability", "indicators": [ { "name": "adults with basic digital skills", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "digital problem-solving proficiency", "code": null, "level": "indicator" } ] }, { "name": "Advanced Digital & AI Skills", "description": "The capacity to develop a sufficient corps of specialists in advanced digital technologies, data and AI.", "boundary_conditions": "Covers the specialist workforce; the researchers pushing the frontier sit under Research Workforce and specialist training pathways register across Advanced Education and Technical & Vocational Skills.", "version_changes": "Carried from v0.0 (formerly Advanced/AI Competence) with the same identifier; anchored by the EU Digital Decade target of 20 million ICT specialists by 2030.", "code": "factbase.org/cap/YRZX1NCS1G", "level": "capability", "indicators": [ { "name": "ICT specialists share of employment", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "AI skills penetration", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "computer science graduates per capita", "code": null, "level": "indicator" } ] } ] }, { "name": "Lifelong Learning & Reskilling", "description": "The capacity to renew the skills of the adult population across working life, from individual learning through employer training to reskilling at national scale.", "boundary_conditions": "Holds renewal of the existing workforce; initial formation sits with the preceding groups, activation and placement of renewed skills belong to the economic domains, and training levies and individual learning entitlements are policy instruments excluded at domain level.", "order_logic": "Ordered by the scale of change each capability answers: continuous individual renewal (Adult Learning), in-work deepening by firms (Employer-Provided Training), then surge capacity for structural transitions (Workforce Reskilling at Scale).", "version_changes": "Carried from v0.0 (formerly Workforce Upskilling) with the same identifier. All three capabilities recast from indicator language to capacities and the group reordered, with reskilling moved from second to third, ordered by scale of change.", "code": "factbase.org/cpg/G0YNSB0008", "level": "capability group", "capabilities": [ { "name": "Adult Learning", "description": "The capacity of adults to keep learning across life, from foundation skills in literacy and numeracy to new fields, and of the system to provide for them.", "boundary_conditions": "Covers individual, general renewal including adult foundation skills; firm-provided training sits under Employer-Provided Training and structural retraining under Workforce Reskilling at Scale.", "version_changes": "Carried from v0.0 (formerly Adult Participation in Lifelong Learning) with the same identifier; participation becomes the indicator, and adult foundation skills are named explicitly, with PIAAC as the headline measure, because adult literacy and numeracy is a stock that can decline.", "code": "factbase.org/cap/2YW4N1TM00", "level": "capability", "indicators": [ { "name": "adult participation in education and training", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "adult literacy and numeracy proficiency scores", "code": null, "level": "indicator" } ] }, { "name": "Employer-Provided Training", "description": "The capacity of employers to train and deepen the skills of the people they employ.", "boundary_conditions": "Covers continuing training of the employed; initial workplace formation sits under Work-Based Learning and training levies are policy instruments excluded at domain level.", "version_changes": "Carried from v0.0 (formerly Employer Investment in Training) with the same identifier; investment becomes the indicator of the capability it funds.", "code": "factbase.org/cap/415VKXA92X", "level": "capability", "indicators": [ { "name": "firms providing formal training", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "training hours per employee", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "employer training expenditure", "code": null, "level": "indicator" } ] }, { "name": "Workforce Reskilling at Scale", "description": "The capacity to retrain workers at scale when structural change, from AI to the energy transition, moves the ground beneath them.", "boundary_conditions": "Covers the surge capacity; the steady state sits under Adult Learning and active labour market placement belongs to the economic domains.", "version_changes": "Carried from v0.0 (formerly Coverage of Reskilling Initiatives) with the same identifier; coverage becomes the indicator, and the capability moved from second to third in the group, ordered by scale of change.", "code": "factbase.org/cap/3SGZZHT221", "level": "capability", "indicators": [ { "name": "participants in national reskilling programmes", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "individual learning account uptake", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "reskilled worker placement rate", "code": null, "level": "indicator" } ] } ] }, { "name": "Research Talent & Knowledge Creation", "description": "The capacity to build and hold a research workforce, win the international contest for talent, and produce knowledge at the frontier.", "boundary_conditions": "Frascati Manual territory: R&D personnel and knowledge production are held here, while Oslo Manual innovation, the firm-centred commercialisation of knowledge, belongs to the economic domains, with final wiring at their own revision. R&D expenditure is an input measure, not a capability: R&D intensity registers as an indicator. STEM and critical-technology talent is a field-of-study cut answered by indicators here and under Doctoral & Research Training and Advanced Digital & AI Skills, not a freestanding node. Major research facilities and compute belong to Strategic Infrastructure.", "order_logic": "Inputs before output: the stock (Research Workforce), the contested international flows that replenish it (Talent Attraction & Retention), then the knowledge the assembled talent produces (Knowledge Production), ending the group on the payoff of the discover beat.", "version_changes": "Carried from v0.0 (formerly Research & Innovation) with the same identifier; refocused along the Frascati-Oslo seam, with innovation moved to the economic domains. Talent Pipeline recast as Research Workforce, Talent Attraction & Retention added, Research Output renamed Knowledge Production and absorbing Advanced Education's Research Output & Quality, and R&D Intensity retired and demoted to an indicator.", "code": "factbase.org/cpg/ECYSQP6D0H", "level": "capability group", "capabilities": [ { "name": "Research Workforce", "description": "The capacity to build and hold a research workforce across fields, from new doctorates to established investigators.", "boundary_conditions": "Covers the people, per the Frascati Manual's definition of R&D personnel; their training sits under Doctoral & Research Training, their output under Knowledge Production and R&D intensity registers here as an input indicator.", "version_changes": "Carried from v0.0 (formerly Talent Pipeline) with the same identifier; sharpened from pipeline metaphor to the workforce itself, with researchers per million as the headline indicator.", "code": "factbase.org/cap/90Z0B77F15", "level": "capability", "indicators": [ { "name": "researchers per million population", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "R&D expenditure to GDP", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "research workforce growth rate", "code": null, "level": "indicator" } ] }, { "name": "Talent Attraction & Retention", "description": "The capacity to attract skilled people from abroad, hold the skilled people already here and win the international contest for talent.", "boundary_conditions": "Covers the flows of people; visa settings are the instrument and the capability is the result. International student conversion to residence registers here, while education export earnings belong to the economic domains and alumni networks to influence.", "version_changes": "New in v0.1; the best-validated addition in the revision, with entire visa regimes built for it: the UK and Australian Global Talent classes, Singapore's ONE Pass, Germany's Skilled Immigration Act and China's talent recruitment programmes.", "code": null, "level": "capability", "indicators": [ { "name": "international researcher and student inflow", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "stay rate of international graduates", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "net migration of tertiary-educated", "code": null, "level": "indicator" } ] }, { "name": "Knowledge Production", "description": "The capacity to produce research at the frontier, in volume and at a quality the world cites.", "boundary_conditions": "Covers the knowledge itself; its commercialisation belongs to the economic domains and the major facilities and compute it runs on to Strategic Infrastructure.", "version_changes": "Carried from v0.0 (formerly Research Output) with the same identifier; absorbs Research Output & Quality, retired from the v0.0 Higher Education group, resolving a duplication.", "code": "factbase.org/cap/45VVA6VX0P", "level": "capability", "indicators": [ { "name": "scientific publication output and world share", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "highly cited publication share", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "international co-authorship rate", "code": null, "level": "indicator" } ] } ] }, { "name": "Population Health", "description": "The capacity of the population to live long, healthy lives: the physical and mental health of the people and the behaviours that protect both.", "boundary_conditions": "Holds the embodied health of the population as capability in its own right, since a healthy population is capacity to act. The system that maintains it sits under Health System Capability, child health under Early Childhood Development for life-course coherence, and hospitals and clinics belong to Strategic Infrastructure.", "order_logic": "State before maintenance: the two dimensions of the WHO definition of health first (Physical Health & Longevity, then Mental Health & Wellbeing), with the behaviours that protect both (Nutrition & Preventive Health) closing as the sustaining capacity.", "version_changes": "New group in v0.1, created by splitting Public Health & Wellness, whose identifier is retired per the split convention. Three health capabilities in a 21-capability domain did not survive validation against the World Bank's treatment of health as roughly half of human capital; Mental Health & Wellbeing and Nutrition & Preventive Health added.", "code": null, "level": "capability group", "capabilities": [ { "name": "Physical Health & Longevity", "description": "The capacity of the population to live long lives in good physical health.", "boundary_conditions": "Covers the embodied state; the services that produce it sit under Health System Capability and child health under Child Health & Nutrition.", "version_changes": "Carried from v0.0 (formerly Population Health Outcomes) with the same identifier; outcomes become the indicators of the capability they measured, with healthy life expectancy as the headline.", "code": "factbase.org/cap/ZS0TWQPX2F", "level": "capability", "indicators": [ { "name": "life expectancy at birth", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "healthy life expectancy", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "premature mortality from non-communicable disease", "code": null, "level": "indicator" } ] }, { "name": "Mental Health & Wellbeing", "description": "The capacity of the population to live in good mental health, and to be reached when they are not.", "boundary_conditions": "Covers the state and its protection; mental health services register under Service Delivery & Coverage.", "version_changes": "New in v0.1; every peer government now runs a national mental health strategy, and the WHO definition of health has carried the mental dimension since 1948.", "code": null, "level": "capability", "indicators": [ { "name": "prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "suicide mortality rate", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "mental health service contact coverage", "code": null, "level": "indicator" } ] }, { "name": "Nutrition & Preventive Health", "description": "The capacity to keep the population well before it is unwell: nutrition, physical activity, immunisation and the health literacy to sustain them.", "boundary_conditions": "Covers behaviours and protection; the programmes that deliver them sit under Health System Capability and child nutrition under Child Health & Nutrition.", "version_changes": "New in v0.1; anchored by population-scale prevention targets, including Healthy China 2030's health literacy rate, with immunisation coverage among the headline indicators.", "code": null, "level": "capability", "indicators": [ { "name": "adult obesity prevalence", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "tobacco use prevalence", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "adult immunisation and screening coverage", "code": null, "level": "indicator" } ] } ] }, { "name": "Health System Capability", "description": "The capacity of the health and care system, in its people and organisation, to deliver care to the whole population and protect it from threats to health.", "boundary_conditions": "Holds the soft side of the system only: workforce, delivery and public health functions, the WHO health system building blocks that land in this domain. Hospitals, clinics, laboratories and national medical stockpiles belong to Strategic Infrastructure, health financing design is a policy instrument excluded at domain level and crisis response coordination sits with national resilience.", "order_logic": "Who delivers, what reaches whom, what protects the whole: Health & Care Workforce, then Service Delivery & Coverage, then Public Health Functions. The group and the domain end on protect, echoing the Strategic Infrastructure closer.", "version_changes": "New group in v0.1, created by splitting Public Health & Wellness, whose identifier is retired per the split convention. Healthcare Workforce & Capacity renamed Health & Care Workforce with facilities removed from its description, repairing a v0.0 breach of the soft boundary, and Public Health Functions added.", "code": null, "level": "capability group", "capabilities": [ { "name": "Health & Care Workforce", "description": "The capacity to train, deploy and retain the health and care workforce, from doctors and nurses to aged, disability and early childhood care.", "boundary_conditions": "Covers the people only; facilities and equipment belong to Strategic Infrastructure. The boundary follows the machinery governments draw, health and social care planned together, per the UK's Department of Health and Social Care and Australia's Care and Support Economy strategy.", "version_changes": "Carried from v0.0 (formerly Healthcare Workforce & Capacity) with the same identifier; facilities and supporting infrastructure removed from the description, repairing a v0.0 breach of the soft boundary, and scope broadened to the care economy. Anchored by the WHO Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health and statutory plans such as the NHS Long Term Workforce Plan.", "code": "factbase.org/cap/4HKXYWF31F", "level": "capability", "indicators": [ { "name": "physicians and nurses per 1,000 population", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "care workers per 100 people aged over 65", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "health workforce vacancy rate", "code": null, "level": "indicator" } ] }, { "name": "Service Delivery & Coverage", "description": "The capacity to deliver health care to the whole population, whoever and wherever they are.", "boundary_conditions": "Covers delivery and reach in organisational terms, including maternal, child and mental health services; the estate it runs in belongs to Strategic Infrastructure and financing design is a policy instrument excluded at domain level.", "version_changes": "Carried from v0.0 (formerly Health Access & Coverage) with the same identifier; the UHC service coverage index (SDG 3.8.1) becomes the headline indicator.", "code": "factbase.org/cap/ZQB6YSNF0D", "level": "capability", "indicators": [ { "name": "universal health coverage service index", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "catastrophic health expenditure incidence", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "elective treatment waiting times", "code": null, "level": "indicator" } ] }, { "name": "Public Health Functions", "description": "The capacity to prevent, detect and assess threats to the population's health: surveillance, epidemiology, risk assessment and trusted public health advice.", "boundary_conditions": "Covers detection and assessment, the standing competence; response materiel, including national medical stockpiles, belongs to Strategic Infrastructure and crisis response coordination sits with national resilience, per the split-by-verb rule.", "version_changes": "New in v0.1; anchored by the IHR (2005) core capacities and the Joint External Evaluation, and validated by a post-pandemic generation of institution building: UKHSA (2021), the EU's HERA (2021) and the Australian CDC, a standalone statutory agency from 1 January 2026.", "code": null, "level": "capability", "indicators": [ { "name": "health security preparedness score", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "outbreak detection and notification timeliness", "code": null, "level": "indicator" }, { "name": "population immunisation coverage", "code": null, "level": "indicator" } ] } ] } ] }